The Zaria Rebels: Demas Nwoko

Published 06 August 2024 in The Legacy

Uche Okeke Legacy Editorial

Demas Nwoko, a celebrated artist, architect, and member of the Zaria Art Society, has made a significant impact on both the art and architectural landscapes of Nigeria. Born in 1935 in Idumuje-Ugboko, a small town in Delta State, Nwoko's early life was deeply rooted in the traditions of his Igbo heritage, and his upbringing in a royal family exposed him to traditional African art forms, rituals, and community structures, which would later influence his creative vision.

Nwoko’s formal education began at the College of Arts, Science, and Technology in Zaria, where he became one of the founding members of the Zaria Art Society, a group of young Nigerian artists who sought to create a new art form that reflected their cultural identity which later became known for its philosophy of Natural Synthesis, a philosophy that aimed to blend indigenous African art forms with Western techniques. While Nwoko initially trained as a painter, his interests soon expanded to include architecture, a field in which he saw the potential to express his ideas about cultural synthesis on a larger scale. His architectural projects, particularly the Dominican Institute in Ibadan and the Oba Akenzua Cultural Centre in Benin City, are prime examples of his ability to merge traditional African elements with modernist principles, creating spaces that are not only functional but also deeply resonant with Nigerian cultural heritage.

Demas Nwoko recieves the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement by the Biennale Architettura, 2023

Dominican Institute, Ibadan

Completed in 1976, the Dominican Institute in Ibadan serves as a theological seminary that utilises a harmonious blend of local building techniques, indigenous materials, practices and aesthetics, and contemporary architectural concepts, illustrating Demas Nwoko’s ability to fuse traditional architecture with modernist design principles. His approach to architecture is not only functional; it is an expression of cultural identity and values that are rooted in a deep respect for traditional African forms, which are reinterpreted through a modern lens and reflected in every aspect of the building’s design. 

The Chapel of the Dominican Institute, Ibadan

One of the most compelling aspects of the Dominican Institute is Nwoko’s emphasis on the use of locally sourced materials. He chose materials such as laterite bricks and timber which have long been staples in African construction, a decision that was driven not only by a commitment to sustainability but by a desire to ensure the building harmonised with its environment. The laterite bricks, in particular, evoke traditional earth-building techniques prevalent in Nigeria, where the material’s natural thermal properties not only help maintain cool interior temperatures but significantly reduced construction costs and provided local artisans with the opportunity to contribute to the project. This cultivates a strong sense of ownership and pride within the community, which is a vital consideration in areas where the community has previously had their ownership and pride diminished.

Nwoko’s design for the Dominican Institute overall is a master-class in climate-responsive architecture and community driven thinking. Having a personal understanding of the challenges posed by Nigeria’s hot climate and unreliable infrastructure, he incorporated wide eaves, verandas, and large windows to facilitate natural ventilation and cooling. These elements again draw inspiration from traditional homes, which are often adapted to withstand high temperatures, and by prioritizing passive cooling strategies Nwoko ensured that the building remains comfortable throughout the year without relying on energy-intensive systems. This approach not only reduces the institute’s energy consumption and strain on the community using the space, but set a standard for sustainable building practices in Nigeria where coping with high temperatures and limited electricity supply are everyday challenges.

Community and functionality for the community are priorities that can be seen throughout the building architecture, and the functional layout of the Institute reflects Nwoko’s understanding of space as a social construct. The institute is designed to enable and encourage interaction and community among the seminarians, echoing the communal living central to many African societies. The spaces are thoughtfully arranged to encourage social interaction, with communal areas serving as focal points for discussion, study, and prayer, encouraging a sense of unity and collaboration among the students and reinforcing the institute’s role as a place of both spiritual and intellectual growth. This underscores Nwoko’s belief that architecture can either facilitate or hinder human interaction, and in this case, it clearly supports and enables a vibrant and cohesive community.

This community driven philosophy is further reflected in the aesthetic considerations of the design, and is a key concern that can be seen throughout Nwoko’s work. The Dominican Institute features decorative elements and motifs inspired by indigenous art and architecture, subtly integrating geometric patterns and sculptural forms characteristic of Yoruba art. These aesthetic choices play a vital role in the space and act as more than just decoration; they uplift the community by creating a space that celebrates cultural heritage, turning the building itself into a living museum and bringing the community back in direct contact with their traditions. Visitors often remark on how it embodies the cultural and spiritual values it is meant to serve, with the incorporation of these motifs providing a visual reminder of the region’s deep-rooted traditions, values and philosophies - generating a sense of place that not only resonates with the local community, but excites and encourages a desire to understand from visitors around the world.

The Oba Akenzua Cultural Centre, Benin City

The Oba Akenzua Cultural Centre in Benin City is another landmark project by Demas Nwoko that embodies his resonance with the Natural Synthesis philosophy. Completed in 1973, this cultural hub serves as a space for hosting events, performances, and exhibitions that celebrate Nigerian heritage, once again showcasing Nwoko’s dedication to meeting community needs and his ability to blend traditional with modern.